Pertanyaan: Apakah orang Yahudi pada masa Yesus atau masa-masa sebelumnya mengharapkan Mesias datang sebagai raja yang akan membebaskan mereka dari penjajahan Romawi?
Jawaban
Namun jika diteliti secara mendalam, tidak semua umat yahudi abad-abad awal memiliki konsep mesias sebagai raja dalam pengertian lahiriah, ada juga pemahaman bahwa mesias yg dimaksud adalah seorang nabi, imam, figur Ilahi dan lain-lain. Berikut ini beberapa data yang menyatakan hal ini:
A. Septuaginta (LXX)
Merupakan terjemahan Yunani dari PL/Tanakh tahun 240SM oleh sekitar 70 orang, dalam proses penerjemahannya juga melibatkan interpretasi terhadap beberapa ayat untuk mencari padanan yang tepat ke bahasa Yunani, contohnya:
Gen 49.10 (Hebrew): The scepter will not depart from Judah, nor the ruler's staff from between his feet, until he comes to whom it belongs and the obedience of the nations is his.
LXX version: A ruler shall not fail from Judah, or a prince from his loins, until there come the things stored up for him; and he is the expectation of the nations.
=> Kata "scepter" diterjemahkan menjadi "a ruler" yang berujuk pada seseorang yang berotoritas.
B. Jewish Apocrypha
Ditulis sekitar abad 1 & 2 SM yang menunjukan pola berpikir orang Yahudi pada masa itu, salah satu kalimat tertulis "the MESSIAH whom the MOST HIGH".
2 Esdr 12.31-34: "as for the lion whom you saw rousing up out of the forest and roaring and speaking up to the eagle and reproving him for his unrighteousness, and as for all his words that you have heard, this is the MESSIAH whom the MOST HIGH has kept until the end of days, who will arise from the offspring of David, and will come and speak with them. He will denounce them for their ungodliness and for their wickedness, and will display before them their contemptuous dealings. For first he will bring them alive before his judgment seat, and when he has reproved them, then he will destroy them. But in mercy he will set free the remnant of my people, those who have been saved..."
C. Jewish Pseudepigrapha
Ditulis pada sekitar abad 1 M, sebelum & sezaman dengan PB, yang beberapa aspek dari Mesias termasuk figur ilahi.
I Enoch 51.3: the "Elect One will sit on [God's] throne"
Sibylline Oracles 3.285f: "And then the heavenly God will send a king and will judge each man in blood and the gleam of fire. There is a certain royal tribe whose race will never stumble. This too, as time pursues its cyclic course, will reign, and it will begin to raise up a new temple of God."
Psalms of Solomon 17.32: "And he will be a righteous king over them, taught by God. There will be no unrighteousness among them in his days, for all shall be holy, and their king shall be the Lord Messiah."
2 Baruch (Syriac Apocalypse of Baruch) 29.3f: "And it will happen that when all that which should come to pass in these parts has been accomplished, the Anointed One will begin to be revealed."
Testament of Levi 18:2ff: "And then the Lord will raise up a new priest to whom all the words of the Lord will be revealed. He shall effect the judgment of truth over the earth for many days. And his star shall rise in heaven like a king..."
D. Dead Sea Scrolls
Salah satu dokumen dari Qumran Library, menyebut Mesias sebagai Son of God atau Son of the Most High.
4QAramaic Apocalypse (4Q246), col. II: "He will be called the Son of God, and they will call him the son of the Most High...His kingdom will be an eternal kingdom...The earth will be in truth and all will make peace. The sword will cease in the earth, and all the cities will pay him homage. He is a great god among the gods... His kingdom will be an eternal kingdom..."
E. Para penulis Yahudi kuno
Penulis itu Philo dari Alexandria yang hidup sebelum masa Kristus & Joshepus yang hidup pada akhir abad pertama.
Philo, menuliskan "...there shall come forth a man, says the oracle (Num 24.7 LXX), and leading his host to war he will subdue great and populous nations"
Josephus, Jewish War 2.258-60: "Besides these there arose another body of villains, with purer hands but more impious intentions, who no less that the assassins ruined the peace of the city. Deceivers and impostors, under the pretense of divine inspiration fostering revolutionary changes, they persuaded the multitude to act like madmen, and led them out into the desert under the belief that God would give them tokens of deliverance."
F. Targum
Merupakan parafrase Aramik dari PL/Tanakh Hebrew.
Gen 3.15 (Pseudo-Jonathan): "They are destined to make peace at the end, in the days of King Messiah"
Gen 3.15 (Frg.): "They will make peace with one another in the end, in the very end of days, in the days of King Messiah"
G. Literatur Rabinik
Tulisan para rabi berupa tafsiran mereka terhadap PL/Tanakh
Mishnah. m. Sota 9.15: "With the footprints of the Messiah presumption will increase...". m.Ber.1:5: "this world... and the days of the Messiah"
Dari seluruh data ini, rentang konsep Mesias orang Yahudi mencakup pengertian Mesias sebagai raja, nabi, imam, anak Allah dan lain-lain. Dan figur raja yang dimaksud dalam konteks raja secara rohaniah. Jika kita membandingkan dengan Yesus maka model-model figur ini cocok diterapkan padaNya. Banyak ayat yang menunjuk hal itu bahkan Yesus sebagai Imam dipaparkan dengan sangat jelas dalam kitab Ibrani.
Alfred Edersheim, D. D., Ph. D. seorang Yahudi yang telah percaya Kristus mendata nubuatan-nubuatan yang ditujukan pada Yesus. "...The following list contains the passages in the Old Testament applied to the Messiah or to Messianic times in the most ancient Jewish writings. They amount in all to 456, thus distributed: 75 from the Pentateuch, 248 from the Prophets; and 138 from the Hagiographa, and supported by more than 558 separate quotations from Rabbinic writings." THE LIFE AND TIMES OF JESUS THE MESSIAH.
Tidak ada komentar:
Posting Komentar